Outline and Evaluate the Strange Situations Essay

During the 1970s, psychologist Mary Ainsworth further expanded upon Bowlbys groundbreaking work in her now-famous Strange Situation study. The study involved observing children between the ages of 12 to 18 months responding to a emplacement in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mother (Ainsworth, 1978). Based on these observations, Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment.Researchers briny and Solomon (1986) added a fourth attachment style known as disorganized-insecure attachment. Numerous studies have supported Ainsworths conclusions and additional seek has revealed that these early attachment styles bottom help predict behaviours later in life. Ainsworth and Wittig devised the strange situation to be able to test the nature of attachment systematically. The pack was to see how babes that were aged between 9 and 18 months behave under co nditions of mild stress and also invigoratedty.See more essay apa format mark is created in the strange situations by the presence of a stranger and by separation from a caregiver. This tests stranger anxiety and separation anxiety respectively. The strange situation also aims to encourage exploration by placing infants in a novel situation and thus tests the secure base concept. The research room is a novel environment, a 9 x 9 foot square marked off into 16 squares to help in recording the infants movements. The process consists of eight episodes, each designed to highlight certain behaviours.In the strange situation data is collected by a group of observers who record what the infant is doing every 15 seconds. The observer notes down which of the fol showtimeing behaviours is displaced and also scores the behaviour for intensity on a scale of 1 to 7. Ainsworth et al feature the data from several studies, to make a total of 106 middle class infants observed in the strange situa tion. They found similarities and differences in the way that infants behaved. In wrong of similarity it was noted that exploratory behaviours declined in all infants from episode 2 onwards, whereas the amount of crying increased.Proximity- seeking and contact maintaining behaviours intensified during separation and when the stranger appeared. take on resisting and proximity avoiding behaviours occurred rarely towards the caregiver prior to separation. In terms of differences, they found three main types of children , originally called A, B and C to avoid any descriptive labels. The characteristic of the main attachments types , with respect to the strange situation are secure attachment, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant and the fourth attachment type proposed by Main and Solomon (1986) is called the insecure disorganised.A criticism of this study is that there were demand characteristics present, this is when participants try to make sense of the research situation that they are in and therefore objurgate their behaviour according to it. The demand characteristics present in the strange situation are that mothers would change their behaviour in order to appear as a good mother in front of the experimenter. This is a problem because it means that the results obtained arent based on natural behaviour by the participants thus alter the conclusions gathered from the study.Another criticism of this study is that this was a lab experiment which means that the study has low ecological validity. This is because control can be exerted onto the participants by the experimenter resulting in the study lacking mundane realism. This is a problem because it means that the results cannot be generalised across other people. However there is also an emolument of a lab experiment which is that the experiment would be conducted under controlled conditions thus making the experiment more rigorous and reliable as external factors can be controlled.Since this study o nly used middle- class north Americans, this becomes a big disadvantage of this study. This is because it decreases the population validity which is the extent to which the results from this research can be generalized across other groups of people in society. This is a problem because it means that these results cannot be used against other people who are not middle class north Americans thus decreasing the validity of these results.An advantage of this study is that it is very influential as it enables us to assess whether or not children are steadfastly attached and how this attachment type relates to later behaviour. For example if a child is insecurely attached at childhood then later on at adulthood the child could have problem attaching to someone else eg. husband/child. This is a benefit as it enables us to determine which behaviour caused by parents at a childs early age causes a child to become securely and insecurely attached thus preventing any dysfunctional behaviour i n adulthood.A criticism of this study is that the childs behaviour has to be observed by someone in order to decide what the child is doing. This decreases the dependableness which is whether the results measured are consistent because there could be a difference of opinion. For example one person could say that the child is seeking and rejecting however some other person may say that the child is only seeking. This is a problem as people can have different judgements therefore this study has low reliability as who can say which opinion is correct and which isnt. It is too reliant for individual judgement.